While the smell of barbecue might still have permeated the air of back yards and parks across America this past Labor Day weekend, the end of summer 2020 feels far from festive. More than 55 million Americans who have been out of work didn’t have a holiday to celebrate, and unemployment around the world remains at record highs as countries struggle to control the pandemic and take measured steps to rebound from shutdowns and the recessions that followed. Sadly, the seasonal “back to school” bell heard round the world was markedly less cacophonous—and the implications for the economic and growth landscape remain stark.

There is increasing evidence showing a strong link between the education and employment crises—and what they together mean for the prospect of a robust global recovery. By April, more than 90 percent of enrolled students—1.5 billion—in more than 190 countries that had implemented nationwide or localized school closures were unable to attend school. Many students will go back to school or university in some form or fashion, but given the new reality, many will not—especially girls or young people from poor households or those without digital access. Besides causing illness and death, COVID-19 is stifling near-term potential, reinforcing skills gaps, and is undermining employment, enterprise, and income of this ‘lockdown generation’ for years to come. Countries relying on their youth workforce to drive growth could see the prospective demographic dividend fail to materialize.

A recent World Bank research paper found alarming levels of potential losses both to individual earnings and gross domestic product (GDP) as a result of school closures. Low-income countries are facing calamitous damage with projected GDP losses up to 60 percent and a projected individual earnings gap of $2,833 that could equate to up $360 billion. Middle-income countries should also brace for significant losses; a 15 to 22 percent drop in GDP and up to $6.8 trillion in lost individual earnings of $6,777. Individuals in high income countries could also experience an earnings gap of $21,158—or up to nearly $5 trillion for the whole cohort—bringing about a GDP drop of up to 9 percent.

Globally, the (weighted average) estimated risk to GDP of school closures is an astounding 12-18 percent but the economic impact of school closures does not fall to students alone as income losses extend through families and households. As education remains mostly or exclusively remote, which for most means in the home, working parents and guardians will continue to struggle to balance home schooling, caregiving, and their jobs.

In the United States, where roughly a third of the nation’s workforce has children at home, productivity is already down, with parents reporting losing an average of eight hours of work a week—the equivalent of a full day—because they needed to attend to their kids’ needs. Estimates by the Institute of Labor Economics (IZA) across Europe show similar disruption: with the average working hours tradeoff for education and childcare over 10 percent, and highs of over 15 percent in Sweden, Denmark, and France. A new IFC report on the business case for tackling childcare in Vietnam notes, “the relationship between adequate childcare and workplace productivity has never been more obvious.”

And for those out of work or searching for a new job, the need to attend to or pay for childcare may be too high a hurdle to overcome amid an anemic recovery that is disproportionately slow for those most affected—especially women.

Globally, the gender income gap is widening due to the economic impacts of COVID-19, with rising care responsibilities a major factor. In addition to the fact that women were more likely to be in jobs lost to the business shutdowns in formal and informal sectors—retail, services, flight attendants, daycare—women also bear a disproportionate share of unpaid care and household work—doing more than 75 percent of total hours of unpaid work globally.

Read the rest of Nicole Goldin‘s article here at Atlantic Council